Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Click here for more information

Click here to sign up for SAGE Journal Email Alerts today!

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Behavior Modification
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (8)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Flessner, C. A.
Right arrow Articles by Moore, P. S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Flessner, C. A.
Right arrow Articles by Moore, P. S.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

The Milwaukee Inventory for Styles of Trichotillomania-Child Version (MIST-C)

Initial Development and Psychometric Properties

Christopher A. Flessner

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Douglas W. Woods

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Martin E. Franklin

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia

Nancy J. Keuthen

Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston

John Piacentini

University of California-Los Angeles

Susan E. Cashin

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Phoebe S. Moore

Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

This article describes the development and initial psychometric properties of the Milwaukee Inventory for Styles of Trichotillomania-Child Version (MIST-C), a self-report scale designed to assess styles of hair pulling in children and adolescents diagnosed with trichotillomania (TTM). Using Internet sampling procedures, the authors recruited 164 parent–child dyads, the children of whom met modified diagnostic criteria for TTM. The MIST-C was administered in the context of a larger survey examining functional impairment experienced by children with TTM. Results of an exploratory factor analysis on MIST-C items revealed a two-factor solution. Factors 1 ("focused" pulling scale) and 2 ("automatic" pulling scale) consisted of 21 and 4 items, respectively, with both scales demonstrating acceptable internal consistency and good construct and discriminant validity. The development of the MIST-C provides researchers with a reliable and valid assessment of "automatic" and "focused" pulling, and provides a means by which to examine the developmental trajectory and treatment implications of these pulling styles.

Key Words: focused • automatic • pulling • trichotillomania

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author .
  • Azrin, N.H., & Nunn, R.G. (1973). Habit reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics . Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 619-628 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Begotka, A.M., Woods, D.W., & Wetterneck, C.T. (2004). The relationship between experiential avoidance and the severity of trichotillomania in a nonreferred sample . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 17-24 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bryant, F.B., & Yarnold, P.R. (1995). Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp. 99-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
  • Charman, T., & Pervova, I. (2001). The internal structure of the Child Depression Inventory in Russian and UK schoolchildren . Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 41-51 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Christenson, G.A., & Mackenzie, T.B. (1994). Trichotillomania. In M. Hersen & R. T. Ammerman (Eds.), Handbook of prescriptive treatment for adults (pp. 217-235). New York: Plenum Press .
  • Christenson, G.A., Mackenzie, T.B., & Mitchell, J.E. (1991). Characteristics of 60 adult chronic hair pullers . American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 365-370 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Christenson, G.A., Pyle, R.A., & Mitchell, J.E. (1991). Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, 415-417 .
  • Cohen, L.J., Stein, D.J., Simeon, D., Spadaccini, E., Rosen, J., Aronowitz, B., & Hollander, E. (1995). Clinical profile, comorbidity, and treatment history in 123 hair pullers: A survey study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 319-326 .
  • Diefenbach, G.J., Mouton-Odum, S., Stanley, M.A. (2002). Affective correlates of trichotillomania . Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1305-1315 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Diefenbach, G.J., Tolin, D.F., Crocetto, J., Maltby, N., & Hannan, S. (2005). Assessment of trichotillomania: A psychometric evaluation of hair-pulling scales . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27, 169-178 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Diefenbach, G.J., Tolin, D.F., Franklin, M.E., & Anderson, E.R. (2003, November). The trichotillomania scale for children (TSC): A new self-report measure to assess pediatric hair pulling . Paper presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA.
  • Diefenbach, G.J., Tolin, D.F., Hannan, S., Maltby, N., & Crocetto, J. (2006). Group treatment for trichotillomania: Behavior therapy versus supportive therapy . Behavior Therapy, 37, 353-363 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • du Toit, P.L., van Kradenburg, J., Niehaus, D.J.H., & Stein, D.J. (2001). Characteristics and phenomenology of hair-pulling: An exploration of subtypes . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 247-256 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Flessner, C.A., Conelea, C.A., Woods, D.W., Franklin, M.E., Keuthen, N.J., & the Trichotillomania Learning Center-Scientific Advisory Board. (2006, November). Do those with different styles of trichotillomania differ? An investigation of focused, automatic, and combined subtypes . Symposium conducted at the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Theory Conference in Chicago.
  • Flessner, C.A., & Woods, D.W. (2006) Phenomenological characteristics, social problems, and economic impact associated with chronic skin picking (CSP) . Behavior Modification, 30, 944-963 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Flessner, C.A., Woods, D.W., Franklin, M.E., Cashin, S.E., & Keuthen, N.J. (in press). The Milwaukee-Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version: Development of an instrument for the assessment of "focused" and "automatic" hair pulling . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment.
  • Franklin, M.E., Ledley, D.R., Cardona, D., & Hajcak, G. (2005, April). In D. W. Woods & M. E. Franklin (Chairs), Cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric trichotillomania: A randomized controlled trial . Symposium conducted at the Trichotillomania Learning Center conference in Los Angeles, CA.
  • Franklin, M.E., Tolin, D.F., & Diefenbach, D. (2006). Trichotillomania. In E. Hollander & D. J. Stein (Eds.), Clinical manual of impulse control disorders (pp. 149-173) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric .
  • Gosling, S.D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O.P. (2004). Should we trust Web-based studies? A comparative of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires . American Psychologist, 59, 93-104 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jaisoorya, T.S., Janardhan-Reddy, Y.C., & Srinath, S. (2003). The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to putative spectrum disorders: Results from an Indian study . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 317-323 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kaslow, N.J., Rehm, L.P., & Siegel, A.W. (1984). Social-cognitive and cognitive correlates of depression in children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 605-620 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems .
  • Lochner, C., Simeon, D., Niehaus, D.J.H., & Stein, D.J. (2002). Trichotillomania and skin-picking: A phenomenological comparison . Depression and Anxiety, 15, 83-86 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mackenzie, T.B., Ristvedt, S.L., Christenson, G.A., Smith Lebow, A., & Mitchell, J.E. (1995). Identification of cues associated with compulsive, bulimic, and hair-pulling symptoms . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 9-16 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • March, J.S. (1998). Multidimensional anxiety scale for children. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-health systems .
  • March, J.S., Parker, J.D.A., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C.K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554-565 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mehregan, A.H. (1970). Trichotillomania. A clinicopathologic study. Archives of Dermatology, 102, 129-133 .
  • Mendelson, B.K., Mendelson, M.J., & White, D.R. (2001). Body-esteem scale for adolescents and adults . Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 90-106 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ninan, P.T., Rothbaum, B.O., Martsteller, F.A., Knight, B.T., & Eccard, M.B. (2000). A placebo-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clomipramine in trichotillomania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 47-50 .
  • Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill .
  • Reeve, E.A., Bernstein, G.A., & Christenson, G.A. (1992). Clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in children with trichotillomania. Journal of the American Academy of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 132-138 .
  • Romano, B.A., & Nelson, R.O. (1988). Discriminant and concurrent validity of measures of childrens depression . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 255-259 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Saylor, C.F., Finch, A.J., Jr., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The children's depression inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955-967 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Skinner, H., Steinhauer, P., & Sitarenios, G. (2000). Family Assessment Measure (FAM) and process model of family functioning . Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 190-210 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Smucker, M.R., Craighead, W.E., Craighead, L.W., & Green, B.J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children's Depression Inventory . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25-39 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Stevens, J.P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001) Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon .
  • van Minnen, A., Hoogduin, K.A.L., Keijsers, G.P.J., Hellenbrand, I., & Hendriks, G. (2003). Treatment of trichotillomania with behavioral therapy or fluoxetine . Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 517-522 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Watson, T.S., & Allen, K.D. (1993). Elimination of thumb-sucking as a treatment for severe trichotillomania . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 830-834 .[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Watson, T.S., Dittmer, K.I., & Ray, K.P. (2000). Treating trichotillomania in a toddler: Variations on effective treatments. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 22, 29-40 .
  • Wetterneck, C.T., Woods, D.W., Norberg, M.M., & Begotka, A.M. (2006). The social and economic impact of trichotillomania: Results from two nonreferred samples . Behavioral Interventions, 21, 97-109 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Wood, J.J., Piacentini, J.C., Bergman, R.L., McCracken, J., & Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 335-342 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Woods, D.W., Flessner, C.A., Franklin, M.E., Keuthen, N.J., Stein, D., Goodwin, R., & Walther, M. (2006). Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): Exploring the functional impact of trichotillomania and its treatment in adults . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1877-1888 .
  • Woods, D.W., Wetterneck, C.T., & Flessner, C.A. (2006) A controlled evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy plus habit reversal as a treatment for trichotillomania . Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 639-656 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wright, H.H., & Holmes, G.R. (2003). Trichotillomania (hair pulling) in toddlers . Psychological Reports, 92, 228-230 .[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Behavior Modification, Vol. 31, No. 6, 896-918 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0145445507302521
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Behav ModifHome page
S. A. Meunier, D. F. Tolin, and M. Franklin
Affective and Sensory Correlates of Hair Pulling in Pediatric Trichotillomania
Behav Modif, May 1, 2009; 33(3): 396 - 407.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (8)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Flessner, C. A.
Right arrow Articles by Moore, P. S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Flessner, C. A.
Right arrow Articles by Moore, P. S.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?